Binfer review5/16/2023 Currently, construction 3D printing is sufficiently well studied from an academic point of view, leading towards the transition from experimental to mass large-scale construction. Īdditive manufacturing technologies are becoming more popular in various industries, including the construction industry. Meanwhile, a large number of tests was carried out on the use of concrete 3D printing technologies in construction to create non-formwork structures. Only in the last few years, the fast development in digital fabrication techniques is leading to applications, as seen, for example, in the structural and civil engineering field, Additive Manufacturing (AM)-based technologies are commonly used in other sectors, such as aerospace, automotive and biomedical engineering. The main challenge is due to some particular aspects in the construction sector: (i) building and construction produces extremely large-scale products requiring customization of conventional automated fabrication technologies (ii) conventional design approaches are not tailored for automation (iii) there is a significantly smaller ratio of production quantity to type of final product as compared with other industries (iv) limitations in the materials that can be employed by an automated system (v) each instance of automotive manufacturing has a specific manufacturing process. No anisotropy was found during tensile testing. The tensile strength and microhardness of the composite samples were increased as compared to those of the pure bronze. The bronze grains allowed revealing only small regions containing the deformation microtwins. Deformation was localized mainly in the bronze grains while ferrite grains retained their shape and were almost free of dislocations. Dispersion hardening of both ferrite and aluminum bronze grains occurred by core/shell β′/AlNi and AlFe3 (κiv-phase) precipitates, respectively, that resulted in improving the ultimate tensile stress and increasing the microhardness of the composites depending upon the content of stainless steel introduced. Intensive intermixing and diffusion in the melted pool caused redistribution of nickel from stainless steel to the bronze and solidification of ferrite grains instead of the austenitic ones. The composite microstructure was formed consisting of homogeneously distributed ferrite and nickel-enriched bronze grains. Electron beam additive manufacturing with simultaneously controlled feeding and melting of ER321 stainless steel and CuA19Mn2 bronze wires was carried out.
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